![]() If the base of skull is superimposed over the upper aspect of the dens, the head needs to be hyperflexed or in the case of trauma, the central ray should be angled caudally. If teeth are superimposed over the upper aspect of the dens, the head needs to be hyperextended or in the case of trauma, the central ray should be angled cephalic. However, a precisely taken anterior to posterior (AP) open-mouth radiograph is used in many cases as well. Positional errors Teeth superimposing the dens Three standard views are used in the Orthospinology analysis: lateral, nasium, and Vertex X-rays. Knowing right from left on X-rays: A way to minimize errors of laterality Dr. make sure that any removable artifacts such as earrings, glasses or metal dentures are removed to avoid obscuring the anatomy of interest.the zygapophyseal joint space between C1 and C2 is symmetrical.the dens is free from superimposition of the adjacent atlas lateral masses or other tissues 2.superior-inferior to include the upper incisors and lower incisors.angle accordingly see 'patient positioning'.the central ray is centered at the center of the open mouth.50 degrees of flexion/extension of cervical spine. participates is subaxial (C2-C7) cervical motion which provides. 10 (of 110) degrees of flexion/extension. do not move the head in trauma, angle the central accordingly 50 (of 100) degrees of cervical rotation.the head should be positioned so the lower margin of the upper incisors and the base of the skull are perpendicular to the image receptor To compensate for this, multiple lateral projections of any spinal region are needed, with the center of the x-ray beam located at multiple locations, that is, the center of the x-ray beam at C3 and C6 for lateral cervical spinal series, and the center of the x-ray beam at T5, T9, T13, 元, and L7 for thoracolumbar series.at the last instant, the patient is instructed to open their mouth as wide as possible.patient’s shoulders should be at equal distances from the image receptor to avoid rotation, the head facing straight forward.patient positioned erect in AP position unless trauma the patient will be supine.This view focuses primarily on the odontoid process of C2, and is useful in visualizing odontoid and Jefferson fractures.
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